History Robotic spacecraft

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a replica of sputnik 1 @ u.s. national air , space museum



a replica of explorer 1


the first robotic spacecraft launched soviet union (ussr) on 22 july 1951, suborbital flight carrying 2 dogs dezik , tsygan. 4 other such flights made through fall of 1951.


the first artificial satellite, sputnik 1, put 215-by-939-kilometer (116 507 nmi) earth orbit ussr) on 4 october 1957. on 3 november 1957, ussr orbited sputnik 2. weighing 113 kilograms (249 lb), sputnik 2 carried first living animal orbit, dog laika. since satellite not designed detach launch vehicle s upper stage, total mass in orbit 508.3 kilograms (1,121 lb).


in close race soviets, united states launched first artificial satellite, explorer 1, 193-by-1,373-nautical-mile (357 2,543 km) orbit on 31 january 1958. explorer 80.75-inch (205.1 cm) long 6.00-inch (15.2 cm) diameter cylinder weighing 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg), compared sputnik 1, 58-centimeter (23 in) sphere weighed 83.6 kilograms (184 lb). explorer 1 carried sensors confirmed existence of van allen belts, major scientific discovery @ time, while sputnik 1 carried no scientific sensors. on 17 march 1958, orbited second satellite, vanguard 1, size of grapefruit, , remains in 360-by-2,080-nautical-mile (670 3,850 km) orbit of 2016.


nine other countries have launched satellites using own launch vehicles: france (1965), australia (1967), japan , china (1970), united kingdom (1971), india (1980), israel (1988), iran (2009), , north korea (2012).








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