Society and culture Opioid

1 society , culture

1.1 definition
1.2 efforts reduce abuse in us
1.3 global shortages
1.4 recreational use

society , culture

definition

the term opioid originated in 1950s. combines opium + -oid meaning opiate-like ( opiates being morphine , similar drugs derived opium). first scientific publication use it, in 1963, included footnote stating, in paper, term, opioid , used in sense proposed george h. acheson (personal communication) refer chemical compound morphine-like activities . late 1960s, research found opiate effects mediated activation of specific molecular receptors in nervous system, termed opioid receptors . definition of opioid later refined refer substances have morphine-like activities mediated activation of opioid receptors. 1 modern pharmacology textbook states: term opioid applies agonists , antagonists morphine-like activity, , naturally occurring , synthetic opioid peptides . pharmacology reference eliminates morphine-like requirement: opioid, more modern term, used designate substances, both natural , synthetic, bind opioid receptors (including antagonists) . sources define term opioid exclude opiates, , others use opiate comprehensively instead of opioid, opioid used inclusively considered modern, preferred , in wide use.

efforts reduce abuse in us

in 2011, obama administration released white paper describing administration s plan deal opioid crisis. administration s concerns addiction , accidental overdosing have been echoed numerous other medical , government advisory groups around world.

as of 2015, prescription drug monitoring programs exist in every state one. these programs allow pharmacists , prescribers access patients’ prescription histories in order identify suspicious use. however, survey of physicians published in 2015 found 53% of doctors used these programs, while 22% not aware programs available them. centers disease control , prevention tasked establishing , publishing new guideline, , heavily lobbied. in 2016, united states centers disease control , prevention published guideline prescribing opioids chronic pain, recommending opioids used when benefits pain , function expected outweigh risks, , used @ lowest effective dosage, avoidance of concurrent opioid , benzodiazepine use whenever possible.

on august 10, 2017, donald trump declared opioid crisis (non-fema) national public health emergency.

global shortages

morphine , other poppy-based medicines have been identified world health organization essential in treatment of severe pain. of 2002, 7 countries (usa, uk, italy, australia, france, spain , japan) use 77% of world s morphine supplies, leaving many emerging countries lacking in pain relief medication. current system of supply of raw poppy materials make poppy-based medicines regulated international narcotics control board under provision of 1961 single convention on narcotic drugs. amount of raw poppy materials each country can demand annually based on these provisions must correspond estimate of country s needs taken national consumption within preceding 2 years. in many countries, underprescription of morphine rampant because of high prices , lack of training in prescription of poppy-based drugs. world health organization working administrations various countries train healthworkers , develop national regulations regarding drug prescription facilitate greater prescription of poppy-based medicines.

another idea increase morphine availability proposed senlis council, suggest, through proposal afghan morphine, afghanistan provide cheap pain relief solutions emerging countries part of second-tier system of supply complement current incb regulated system maintaining balance , closed system establishes while providing finished product morphine suffering severe pain , unable access poppy-based drugs under current system.

recreational use

opioids can produce strong feelings of euphoria , used recreationally. traditionally associated illicit opioids such heroin, prescription opioids misused recreationally.

drug misuse , non-medical use include use of drugs reasons or @ doses other prescribed. opioid misuse can include providing medications persons whom not prescribed. such diversion may treated crimes, punishable imprisonment in many countries. in 2014, 2 million americans abused or dependent on prescription opioids.