632 CE - present: the Arab Empire and other Caliphates Middle-Eastern empires

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according sunni muslims, first caliph abu bakr siddique, followed umar ibn al-khattāb first caliph called amir al-mu minin , second of 4 rightly guided caliphs. uthman ibn affan , ali ibn abi talib called same title, while shi consider ali have been first legitimate caliph, although concede ali accepted predecessors, because sanctioned abu-bakr. rulers preceding these first 4 did not receive title consensus, , turned monarchy thereafter.


after first 4 caliphs, caliphate claimed dynasties such umayyads, abbasids, , ottomans, , relatively short periods other, competing dynasties in al-andalus, north africa, , egypt. mustafa kemal atatürk officially abolished last caliphate, ottoman empire, , founded republic of turkey, in 1924. kings of morocco still label title amir al-mu minin moroccans, lay no claim caliphate.








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