History Roman military diploma

-


roman military diploma ad 80 (museum carnuntum)


diplomas issued during principate period (52-284 ad) retiring veterans had served in corps of roman armed forces enlisted peregrini, is, inhabitants of roman empire not roman citizens (the vast majority of empire s population in 1st , 2nd centuries). such corps were: auxilia; roman navy, praetorian guard s cavalry (equites singulares augusti); , cohortes urbanae (the city of rome s public-order battalions).


the first known diploma dates ad 52, under emperor claudius (r. 41-54), appears have regularised practice of granting roman citizenship non-citizen auxiliaries after 25 years service (26 in navy).


diplomas not issued discharged legionaries, legions recruited roman citizens only. however, legionary diplomas exceptionally issued after civil war of 68/69 ad. emergency measure, 2 new legions, , ii classica (later reconstituted , renamed , ii adiutrix, respectively) formed naval marines, many of whom did not hold citizenship. @ end of crisis, these awarded roman citizenship.


in 212, constitutio antoniniana, issued emperor caracalla, granted roman citizenship inhabitants of empire, ending second-class peregrini status. made military diplomas largely redundant, , indeed last known auxiliary diplomas date ad 203. diplomas service in navy, praetorian guard cavalry , cohortes urbanae continued issued until late 3rd century. might explained fact barbari (foreigners outside roman empire) still recruited units.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Fuji List of motion picture film stocks

-
1 fuji 1.1 color negatives (1980s) 1.2 reversal (1980s) 1.3 black-and-white 1.4 f-series (1988) 1.5 super f-series (1990s) 1.6 reala 1.7 eterna (2004-2013) 1.8 print films 1.9 intermediate film 1.10 recording film fuji fujifilm stopped production of motion picture , still film stocks on march 31, 2013. negative stocks, 85 prefix designates 35 mm, 86 prefix designates 16 mm stock. stock numbers ending in 2 fuji s super-f emulsions (1990s) , stocks ending in 3 new eterna emulsions. also, eterna vivid series negatives last second suffix 4 , , ending suffix different e.i. . for intermediate stocks, negatives , adding 45 prefix designates 35 mm in polyester(pet) base, , 87 prefix designates 65/70 mm. for positive , print stocks, 35 indicates 35 mm print film, , 36 indicates 16 mm print film. fuji introduced reala film - color stock 4th color emulsion layer, fastest daylight balanced color motion picture stock ever offered @ 500 iso. as of mar...
Read more

The Missionaries and the Congo Congo Free State propaganda war

-
1 missionaries , congo 1.1 william sheppard 1.2 e.v. sjöblom 1.3 george washington williams 1.4 leopold vs. williams the missionaries , congo king leopold allowed several hundred foreign protestant missionaries england, united states, , sweden go congo. given goals of iaa hardly refuse offers civilize africans. missionaries went congo evangelize, fight polygamy, , create fear of sin in africans. congolese run , hide @ mere sight of european. one british missionary wrote african congregation asked, has savior tell of power save rubber trouble? other missionaries became aware of bloody events around posts. 1 swedish missionary noted sorrowful song death , tyranny many sang @ post. missionaries began protest violence through personal letters leopold, through letters newspapers , magazines. efforts had little effect in drawing public attention situation. william sheppard william sheppard in late 1880s william sheppard, african-american protestant missionary, started write american news...
Read more

Discography Tommy Denander

-
1 discography 1.1 purpose of discography list many of tommy s sessions possible , try , find different versions also 1.2 solo artist 1.3 selected top work 1.4 atc 1.5 bruce gaitsch 1.6 fergie frederiksen 1.7 radioactive 1.8 impera 1.9 prisoner 1.10 rainmaker 1.11 lion s share 1.12 talk of town 1.13 speedy gonzales 1.14 deacon street project 1.15 spin gallery 1.16 talisman 1.17 house of lords 1.18 robin beck 1.19 aor 1.20 phenomena 1.21 jim jidhed 1.22 houston 1.23 street talk 1.24 sha-boom 1.25 liberty & justice 1.26 silver 1.27 locomotive breath 1.28 mountain of power 1.29 last autumn s dream 1.30 various artist compilations 1.31 various artist tribute albums 1.32 bootlegs 1.33 gold & platinum awards 1.34 other recordings - lp/cd 1.35 1983 1.36 1984 1.37 1985 1.38 1986 1.39 1987 1.40 1988 1.41 1989 1.42 1990 1.43 1991 1.44 1992 1.45 1993 1.46 1994 1.47 1995 1.48 1996 1.49 1997 1.50 1998 1.51 1999 1.52 2000 1.53 2001 1.54 2002 1.55 2003 1.56 2004 1.57 2005 1.58 2006 1.59 2007 1...
Read more