Architectural gear ratio Pennate muscle

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architectural gear ratio, called anatomical gear ratio, (agr) feature of pennate muscle defined ratio between longitudinal strain of muscle , muscle fiber strain. defined ratio between muscle-shortening velocity , fiber-shortening velocity:


agr = εx/εf


where εx = longitudinal strain (or muscle-shortening velocity) , εf fiber strain (or fiber-shortening velocity).


it thought distance between aponeuroses did not change during contraction of pennate muscle, requiring fibers rotate shorten. however, recent work has shown false, , degree of fiber angle change varies under different loading conditions. dynamic gearing automatically shifts in order produce either maximal velocity under low loads or maximal force under high loads.








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