Culture Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca

1 culture

1.1 slovene culture
1.2 friulian culture
1.3 italian culture
1.4 german culture

culture

funeral of slovene poet simon gregorčič in gorizia, 1906



a slovene choir in karst region

the county of gorizia , gradisca enjoyed multicultural environment, slavic, german , latin people lived , government respected right of minorities; wasn t uncommon people in area speak 3 or 4 language.

slovene culture

the county of gorizia , gradisca emerged major center of slovene culture in second half of 19th century. in 1860s, slovene replaced german major language of education , administration in slovene-inhabited parts of county. differently styria, carinthia , carniola, there no assimilation pressure against slovene culture in of gorizia-gradisca, slovene culture flourished. since 1890s, state gymnasium of gorizia emerged 1 of prestigious educational centers in slovene lands: several prominent figures in slovenian arts, sciences , politics in 20th century received education in institution. in 1913, gymnasium divided 3 parts, german, italian , slovenian language of teaching. slovenian section of gymnasium of gorizia became first public high school slovene primary language of teaching.

among prominent figures of slovene culture county of gorizia , gradisca were: poets simon gregorčič, alojz gradnik, , joža lovrenčič, writer julius kugy, theologian anton mahnič, composer stanko premrl, historian simon rutar, painters jožef tominc , saša Šantel, architect max fabiani, philologist karel Štrekelj, , literary historian avgust Žigon. other prominent slovenes gorizia-gradisca included politicians karel lavrič , anton gregorčič, admiral anton haus, roman catholic bishop frančišek borgia sedej, economist milko brezigar , pioneer pilot edvard rusjan. prominent slovenes settled in province other regions included politician , author henrik tuma, historian franc kos, linguist stanislav Škrabec, , jurist, historian , politician bogumil vošnjak.

friulian culture

during 19th century gorizia important , lively center friulian language. throughout century, many old books republished, new works composed, , several political , cultural association promoting friulian culture founded in region. fact nobility use language, while example in udine , in other towns of central friulian higher classes rather used venetian language, because friulian seen language of peasants.

the county of gorizia , gradisca important friulian language because territory in official census on speakers of friulian has been carried out: in 1857, official austrian census showed 48.841 friulians, 130.748 slovenians, 15.134 italians , 2.150 germans in county. second census in 1921, carried out shortly after annexation italy gave similar results.

throughout 19th century, educated friulians gravitated towards italian culture. distinct friulian identity existed, weak , not articulated. 1 of prominent friulian poets gorizia-gradisca in 19th century, carlo favetti, example fervent italian irredentist. others, such conservative leader , political author luigi faidutti, favoured autonomous development of friulian culture within multicultural framework of habsburg empire. between 1890 , 1918, autonomist movement gained widespread support in countryside, remained marginal in urban areas.

italian culture

during 19th century, town of gorizia major center of italian culture in region. in 17th century, italian emerged second language of culture in town, next german. throughout 18th , 19th century, italian culture flourished in whole region. italian used language of education , culture many noble families, in slovene , german bourgeois families. several renowned artists, such architect nicolò pacassi, painters jožef tominc , franz caucig, garibaldin general ignazio francesco scodnik, architect max fabiani , author julius kugy educated in predominantly italian cultural environment.

the emergence of slovene national awakening in second half of 19th century meant significant setback italian culture in region. families educate children in italian cultural environment, switched slovenian. reason decrease of italian cultural influence unification of lombardy-venetia kingdom of italy in 1866, radically reduced influence of italian culture within austrian empire , cut off free cultural exchange between gorizia-gradisca , northern italy.

by beginning of 20th century, italian language lost previous function lingua franca in region. gorizia remained important center of italian culture in county, although percentage of italian speakers in town in constant decrease , dropped under 50% in 1910.

nevertheless, important figures emerged italian-speaking milieu of gorizia, such prominent philologist graziadio isaia ascoli , philosopher carlo michelstaedter, both of whom of jewish descent. composer rodolfo lipizer , painters italico brass , vittorio bolaffio came community. other minor italian cultural centres towns of grado , monfalcone, dialect of venetian language spoken. poet biagio marin important representative of local italian culture.

german culture

the german-speaking community represented small portion of population. concentrated in town of gorizia, represented 10% of overall population of city center. nevertheless, other factors increased importance of german culture in region. until end of world war i, german language continued enjoy prestige acquired in previous centuries, when great majority of high culture in region linked german cultural sphere. of local aristocracy multilingual, spoke german among themselves. several important noble families resided in county, , important contributors of arts , literature. included thurn und taxis, lanthieri, attems petzenstein, windischgraetz, coronini cronberg , strassoldo. furthermore, german had served lingua franca communication between single ethnic groups. until 1913, of high education available in german.

among prominent members of german-speaking community of gorizia , gradisca chemist johannes christian brunnich , explorer , natural scientist karl von scherzer.

in 1850s, gorizia , gradisca emerged tourist destination central european elite. towns such gorizia, grado, aquileia, duino, aurisina, , na soči became important tourist centers in austrian riviera. many prominent figures, belonging german cultural milieu, frequented these places, making important contribution survival of local german culture. these include ethnographer , linguist karl von czoernig, poet rainer maria rilke wrote famous duino elegies while visiting region, , renowned chemist ludwig boltzmann.